No-one
wants to talk about it, but all of us do it – some more than 30 times a day.
It’s time to get real about flatulence.
Normally flatulence is a trivial part of a person’s life and usually nothing
more than a mild form of amusement. In 1940, some employees of the Jem Rubber
Co. in Toronto were toying with scrap sheets of rubber when one of them sat on
it and produced a farting noise. They informed their boss, who soon marketed
the “Whoopee Cushion,” which soon
became a worldwide sensation.
For people with chronic flatulence, however, life can become
very difficult. Gas (flatus) is made in the stomach and intestines as your body breaks down food into energy. The root of these
words is from the Latin flatus – "a blowing, a breaking
wind". Flatus is also the
medical word for gas generated in the stomach or bowels. There are general symptoms related to
intestinal gas: pain, bloating and abdominal distension, excessive flatus
volume, excessive flatus smell and gas incontinence. Remedies anti- gas or Anti
flatulent are discussed frequently. Though OTC antacids or kitchen remedies are
been handy there is still a demand for a safe and effective solution, it being
a food or medicine.
Neutraceuticals encompassing Herbal inhibitors or as
digestive triggers per se are supposed to prevent producing offensive gases,
prevent further symptoms of abdominal distension. The herbal drug molecules as
anti- flatulent prove to be better key’s than finding after alleviations.
Why Flatulent? Though generally indigestion, fasting or over- eating
are meant to be the causes for flatulence, it can be seen as associated or
secondary symptoms in many diseases. The following are the causes for flatulent
abdomen.
a)
Aerophagia -
Swallowed air
b)
Lactose
intolerance
c)
High fiber diet
d)
Contaminated water
e)
IBS
f)
Fat-malabsorption
g)
Coeliac disease
h)
Constipation
i)
E- coli infection
j)
Acute pancreatitis
k)
Gastro-enteritis
l)
Intestinal
obstruction
m)
Colitis
n)
Indigestion
o)
Cystic fibrosis
p)
H .pylori
infection
q)
Ovarian cysts
r)
Giardiasis
s)
Amoebiasis
t)
Hirchsprungs
disease
u)
Gall stones
v)
Hiatal Hernia
Flatusogenesis: - Gas is produced due to symbiotic bacteria and yeasts.
Bad odor due to sulphur, hydrogen, carbon dioxide & in rare cases methane. Flatulence
is not only associated with gas in GIT instead the secondary signs and symptoms
also are involved in it which can cause discomfort .The following are symptoms:-
a)
Distension in the
abdomen
b)
Excruciating pain
c)
Gurgling sounds
d)
Increase in flatus
volume/production
e)
Offensive smell in
flatulence
f)
Incontinence of
flatus
g)
Loss of appetite
h)
Breathlessness
i)
Headache
Suppression of the Urge of passing flatus causes the
below symptoms. Ayurveda mentions it as Adharaneeya
vega (Non-Suppressible urge).The following are some of signs & symptoms
mentioned as outcomes when flatus is controlled.
a)
Retention of faeces,
urine, flatus
b)
Distention,
fullness of abdomen
c)
Abdominal pain
d)
Exhaustion,
tiredness
e)
Discomfort
Normally in Healthy subjects the amount of gas
expelled is about 200 cc, Pre-prandial state 100 cc is distributed,
Postprandial 165- 200 cc, approximately 214mL/ 24 hrs .Persistent bloating and
flatulence that is present consistently over a period may be an indication of a
serious medical condition such as colorectal cancer.
Managing the
flatulent condition: - Building a good
bacteria (micro flora), cleansing the colon, Enzyme based dietary supplement, Using Herbal inhibitors are the best principles to overcome flatulence. Emerging
Neutraceuticals can be the superlative method to prevent and maintain the GIT health.
The FDA Guidelines mention under 21 CFR Section 332.10 – Anti flatulent active
ingredients. An Anti-flatulent may contain any GRAS & effective antacid
ingredients if it is indicated for use solely for the concurrent symptoms of
gas associated with Heart burn, sour stomach or acid indigestion. Anti-gas/
Antiflatulent: Neither term should be considered as describing the mechanism of
the action of the active ingredient contained in the product.
Ingredients in use
as ANTI-FLATULENT
1. Alpha – galactosidase:- is a dietary
supplement that help improve digestion .
2. Simethicone: - antifoaming agent that reduces the surface tension
of the gas bubbles.
3. Pancreatic enzyme: - supplementation decreases the abnormal intestinal gas
production.
4. Zinc acetate: binds sulfhydryl compounds and reduces volatile
sulfur compounds
5. Bismuth Subsalicylate: - avidly adsorbs hydrogen sulfide, forming insoluble
bismuth sulfide.
6. Non absorbable antibiotics
The empirical medical life science Ayurveda
inculcates Fasting primarily as its treatment modality. Carminatives & Digestives
are the best active parts involving herbs and minerals which can alleviate the
condition. Fruit Suppositories & Enemas are also rarely been in use for the
IPD’s.
Herbal entities and their specific molecules as Anti- flatulent mode of
action.
1.
Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel Seeds):- Terpenoid anethole from Foeniculum
vulgare has been shown to inhibit spasms in smooth muscles,
including those in the intestinal tract.It also acts as anti-inflammatory &
analgesic which can calm down the pain due to distension.
2.
Anethum graveolens :- (Dill seeds) Dill seeds is one
of prime ingredient in gripe water which is mainly used for children. It
relieves colic pain in babies, Flatulence in young children. It is carminative, stimulant
and stomachic. Relieves intestinal spasms and griping. Helping to settle colic
it improves appetite. Relieves gas and aids digestion which improves bad breath.
The research suggests that A. graveolens seed extracts have significant
mucosal protective and anti-secretory effects of the gastric mucosa in mice
& also the dill oil extracts as emulsion in water are considered to be
carminative & aromatic which can inhibit the offensive gases. Dill seeds
are also proved for its antinociceptive effects.
Carvone in Dill seeds, the active moiety influence
function of smooth muscle in the digestive tract. Highly antispasmodic, Reduces
stomach cramping, Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). Carvone induces these effects
by potently blocking the ion channels responsible for controlling muscle
contraction and relaxation. In comparison to leading pharmaceutical calcium
channel blockers, carvone exhibited inhibitory effects one hundred percent more
powerful.
3.
Trachyspermum ammi (carom seeds):- Also known as thymol seeds, is a plant of India, Pakistan, Iran, Egypt and
the Near East .It is anti-microbial in action which is Gastro-protective, anthelminthic &
also a digestive stimulant.
4. Cuminum cyminum
(cuminseeds) & Carum carvi (caraway
seeds)
Research studies show that the active ingredients in
these apiaceae members activates salivary glands, is antispasmodic and
carminative.
Cumin showed an
increased acid secretion by a cholinergic mechanism. Aqueous and solvent
derived extracts of cumin increased amylase, protease, lipase and phytase
activities. Effect of a specific combination of carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, and
Capsicum oleoresin on the growth performance, carcass quality and gut integrity
of broiler chickens was studied & observed that
there was a significant improvement of intestinal integrity, diameter & Villi length that allows larger surface available for nutrient absorption. Cumin is carminative & relieves Gas troubles & thereby improves digestion & appetite.
there was a significant improvement of intestinal integrity, diameter & Villi length that allows larger surface available for nutrient absorption. Cumin is carminative & relieves Gas troubles & thereby improves digestion & appetite.
5. Seseli indicum:- The active content Myrcene(29.2%) shows the ultra-structural changes that are indicative
of intense cell activity and are
associated with processes of digestion, synthesis, and excretion as well as of
monoterpenes transformation but are not indicative of irreversible cellular
damage or death.
6. Pimpinella anisum
(Aniseed):- Eugenol, the active ingredient has shown spasmolytic and
relaxant effects on Rats. It was concluded that aniseed oil increases glucose
absorption by increasing the activity of the Na+-K+ ATPase and consequently the
sodium gradient needed for the sugar transport.
7.
Apium graveolens (Celery seed):- Celery extract is studied for Gut diseases, gives relief of flatulence, is a mild diuretic & also urinary
antiseptic.
8. Zataria multiflora: - (Shirazi Thyme) containing 20% - 50 % Thyme Reduces of the population of the microorganism participating
in methane formation in the rumen (Methanobrevibacter smithii) strongly
inhibited the process of methanogenesis studied in vitro.
9. Menthapiperita & Menthaspicata: - Menthol (7-48%) Menthone (20-46%)
Peppermint oil has an anti-spasm effect on the GI tract due to the action of its principal ingredient, menthol. It inhibits the gut contractions. Reduction of gut sensitivity is observed. Menthol was found to be responsible for the antimicrobial activity of essential oils.
Peppermint oil has an anti-spasm effect on the GI tract due to the action of its principal ingredient, menthol. It inhibits the gut contractions. Reduction of gut sensitivity is observed. Menthol was found to be responsible for the antimicrobial activity of essential oils.
10. Grape Seed extract:
- Alters GI micro flora and decrease fecal release of
volatile sulfur compounds in humans.
11. Aegle marmelos: - The aqueous
extract of fruit have been reported by effecting outer membrane protein C of
Enteropathogenic Escherichia Coli. Fruit pulp relieves flatulent colic.
12. Ginger: - Gingerol increases the muscular activity in the
digestive system. Randomized study clinical trial conducted at Thailands
Siriraj Hospital found that consuming Ginger & water solution produced an
anti- flatulent effect. Gingerol improves the flow of body fluids. Zingiberol
contains Mono sesquiterpenes, camphene, curcumin, and cineole, terpenes, which
alleviates the pain. It is anti-bacterial and anti-fungal to inhibit
multiplication of the unwanted colon bacterial infections. Zingiberene, the
terpenoid and 6-gingerol are important constituents which are stomachic medications
containing ginger.
Gingerol and gingerol, which are the pungent principles, are mainly responsible for the cholagogic effect and gastrointestinal motility enhancing effect of ginger.
The active components of ginger are is reported to stimulate digestion , absorption, relieve constipation & flatulence by increasing the digestive system
A Sanskrit saying to have a bite of Ginger just before food always acts as medicine which can combat any digestive problems stands to be true.
Gingerol and gingerol, which are the pungent principles, are mainly responsible for the cholagogic effect and gastrointestinal motility enhancing effect of ginger.
The active components of ginger are is reported to stimulate digestion , absorption, relieve constipation & flatulence by increasing the digestive system
A Sanskrit saying to have a bite of Ginger just before food always acts as medicine which can combat any digestive problems stands to be true.
13. Asafoetida: - Asafoetida is best antiflatulent, vermifuge,
anti-spasmodic. Studies on administering the colloidal solution orally to Rats
at a dose of 50mg/kg has shown protection against Gastric ulcers. Potassium
chloride solution with ferula produced a concentration dependent relaxation. At
the dose of 250mg% for 8 weeks enhance pancreatic lipase activity, stimulated
pancreatic amylase & Chymotrypsin. Potent relaxant effect for the
asafoetida extract on smooth muscle due to its constituent umbelliprenin is
seen. Rafatullah et al. evaluated the anti ulcerogenic property of
aqueous suspension of asafoetida on different ulcer induced models of Wistar
albino rats. ‘Hing’ works on gas and bloating associated with. A significant anthelmintic activity against roundworms
and pinworms was observed.
Ferulic acid significantly accelerated the gastrointestinal transit and gastric emptying in rats in a dose-dependent manner (50-200 mg/kg).
Ferulic acid significantly accelerated the gastrointestinal transit and gastric emptying in rats in a dose-dependent manner (50-200 mg/kg).
14. Nutmeg- Myristicin:
- Rashid & Misra (1984) observed that the aqueous extract of the seed paste had a marked
inhibitory effect on the antienterotoxigenic effects of E coli. Nutmeg
proves to have bactericidal activity against H.Pylori.
15. Garlic: - Results have indicated that Garlic oil, cinnamaldehyde
(the main active component of cinnamon oil), eugenol (the main active component
of the clove bud), capsaicin (the active component of hot peppers), and anise
oil, among others, may increase propionate production, reduce acetate or methane
production, and modify proteolysis, peptidolysis, or deamination in the rumen.
Garlic oil has been researched as a treatment for H. pylori and appears to be
promising in the in vivo setting.
16. Coriander: - Camphor, menthol, icilin, geraniol, L-carvone,
isopulegol activates TRPM8 and are antifungal, anti-bacterial, cytotoxic. Camphor
though used as anti-flatulent has proved to be epileptic.
17. Piper Longum: - Piperine showed anti-amoebic activity. Piperlonguminine
has shown anti - bacterial activity & is potent against Bacillus subtilis
& Piperine against Staphylococcus aureus.
18. Cardamom: - Stimulates the digestive system whereas countering
excessive of acids in the stomach essential oils that enhance the production of
bile and reduction of other stomach acids. Antispasmodic action through
muscarinic receptor blockage.
19. Cyperus rotundus: - The roots and
tubers are analgesic, antibacterial, antispasmodic, antitussive, aromatic,
carminative, stomachic, tonic and vermifuge.
20. Vettivera root oil:
- Proved as Carminative, anti-flatulent, colic and
obstinate vomiting.
Fruits Anti- Gas
& Digestive:-
- Pineapple: Bromelain hydrolytically cleaves peptide bonds formed by the
amino acids lysine, alanine, tyrosine and glycine and is referred to as an
endopeptidase. Bromelain is actually a family of enzymes which can
help digestion.
- Pomegranate: The polyphenols in pericarp and leaves can significantly protect
against incidence of gastric lesions.
- Papaya: - Papain a protein-digesting enzyme, as well as a number of
other active compounds that can fight flatulence and bloating.
Anti-flatulent in Ayurveda: - Ayurveda mentions a list of single herbs/ minerals
to the antiflatulent category along with the minerals (most of it are salts),
and also the Calcinated Calcium compounds which are mostly sea sources.
Herbs
|
Salts
|
Minerals
|
·
Mesua ferrea
·
Abies webbiana
·
Solena
amplexicaulis
·
Sochal salt
·
Zingiber
officinale
·
Cassia fistula
·
Terminalia chebula
·
Vitis vinifera
·
Aegle marmelos
·
Euphorbia nerifolia
·
Trachyspermum roxburghianum.
·
Cuminum cyminum
·
Allium sativa
·
Ferula narthex
·
Cedrus deodara
·
Boerhavia diffusa
·
Trichosanthes dioica
·
Picrorhiza kurroa
·
Piper chaba
·
Strychnos nuxvomica
·
Oxalis corniculata
|
·
Black salt
·
Rock salt
·
Crude potassium
carbonate
·
Sodium
Chloride
·
Sodium
bicarbonate.
·
Sulfate of Soda
with Sodium chloride
·
Combination of
Sodium chloride sodium Sulphate, alumina, magnesia, ferric oxide.
|
·
Shankha Bhasma
(Calcinated Conch shell)
·
Shukti bhasma
(Calcinated oyster shell)
·
Kaparda Bhasma
(Calcinated Cowries)
|
Exotic herbs
Anti-gas:- Some of these herbs are also shown with actives
being in antiflatulent mode of action.
1.
Marjoram: -
carvacrol, eugenol are the actives .Carvacrol improves
the gut integrity. (Awaad etal)
2.
Juniper Berries: - Myrcene, the active content present in it improves gut integrity.
3.
Lemon Verbana: - Citral (30–35%), nerol and
geraniol results in volatile death of microbes folk uses in treating,
flatulence, colic, diarrhea, indigestion.
4.
Oregano: - Leanolic
acids, ursolic acids, and phenolic glycosides. Phenolic compounds make up to
71% of the oil. Carvacrol, thymol, cymene,
and terpinine are also present in this plant.
5.
Epazote-also
meant as wormseed. Infusions as vermifuge is safer.
6.
Chamomile: - Terpene bisabolol
(from chamomile oil), taken orally at doses between 0.8mg/kg and 80mg/kg,
provided protection against gastric toxicity of 200mg/kg of acetylsalicylic
acid. Intraperitoneal administration of apigenin significantly reduced
intestinal transit time in mice.
Flatulence is very common. Estimates of farts-per-day
range from men farting 14-25 times per day and women 7-12 times per day. Diet is the largest variable for flatulence.
The side effect of many medications can
also contribute to anal audio. Obviously
the first step in reducing flatulence is avoiding the foods that give you gas.
But remember that people react differently to various foods. There are other methods to help reduce gas
while still eating problematic foods. Introducing some of the above said herbs
in the diet or as neutraceutical combinations can help manage the bloating in
both healthy & the diseased.
Bibliography:-
1.
Evaluation of
Analgesic and Anti- inflammatory effect of Foeniculum vulgare, Arul Amrutha
Elizabeth, Glory Josephine, NS Muthaiah, M Muniappan, Department of
pharmhacology,, Sree Balaji Medical college, Chrompet, Chennai, Tamilnadu,
India.
2.
S. Jana, G.S. Shekhawat , Anethum
graveolens: An Indian traditional medicinal herb & Spice, Pharmacognosy
Review,2010 Jul- Dec, 4(8), 179-184, PMCID:PMC3249919
3.
Chemical
Constutuents of Essential oil form Anethum Sowa Kurz seed, Sumitra Singh,, Dept
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science &
Technology,Hisar-125001, Haryana, India,Journal of Chemical &
Pharmaceutical Res4earch, 2012, 4(9):4156-4160, ISSN:0975-7384 Code N(USA):
JCPRCS.
4.
Hossein
Hosseinzadeh1*,
Gholam_Reza Karimi2 and Maryam Ameri, Effects of Anethum
graveolens L. seed extracts on experimental gastric irritation models
in mice,BMCPharmacology 2002, 2:21 doi:10.1186/1471-2210-2-21,
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2210/2/21
5.
Rezaee-Asl
M, Bakhtiarian A, Nikoui V, Sabour M, Ostadhadi S, et al. (2013)
Antinociceptive Properties of Hydro Alcoholic Extracts of Anethum graveolens L.
(dill) Seed and Aerial Parts in Mice. Clin Exp Pharmacol 3:122. doi:
10.4172/2161-1459.100012
6.
Dr. David K. Hill, Chief Medical Officer, dōTERRA Intl. LLC, Chairman,
Scientific Advisory Board- aromatic science.
7.
Medicinal Uses of Trachyspermum ammi : A Review , Bairwa Ranjan, Singhal
Manmohan, Ravindra Singh Soda, Rajawat Balwant Singh.The Pharma Research, A
Journal, ISSN 0975-8216.
8.
T.K Lim, Edible Medicinal & Non Medicinal Plants,Vol 5
,Springer, (Google e Book), 02-Feb-2013,
SCIENCE, Pg 3.
9.
Effect of a specific combination of carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, and
Capsicum oleoresin on the growth performance, carcass quality and gut integrity
of broiler chickens - Awaad MH,Elmenaway, Ahmed KA
Improvement of intestinal integrity diameter & Villi length that allows larger surface available for nutrient absorption. Veterinary world, EISSN:2231-0916 Available at www.veterinary world.org/Vol.7/ May-2014/3.pdf
Improvement of intestinal integrity diameter & Villi length that allows larger surface available for nutrient absorption. Veterinary world, EISSN:2231-0916 Available at www.veterinary world.org/Vol.7/ May-2014/3.pdf
10.
An update on pharmacological properties of Cumin, Daljeet Kaur, Ramica
Sharma, Rayat Institute of Pharmacyt,DisH- SBS Nagar, Punjab India,
International Journal of Research in Pharmacy & Science, ISSN:2249-3522
11.
María
Fernanda Lopez, α-Pinene and Myrcene
Induce Ultra structural Changes in the Midgut of Dendroctonus valens
(Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Annals of the Entomological Society of
America 104(3):553-561. 2011 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/AN10023
12.
Trailovi Ms*, Robertson
Pa** And Nedeljkovi -trailovi Jelena*, Inhibitory Effect Of Eugenol On Rat Ileal
Motility In Vitro , *University Of Belgrade, Faculty Of Veterinary Medicine,
Serbia **College Of Veterinary Medicine, Department Of Biomedical Sciences,
Iowa State University, Ia, Usa, Doi: 10.2298/Avb0903123t Udk 619:615.322
13.
Sawsan Ibrahim Kreydiyyeh, Julnar Ustab Khuzama Knioa, Sarine
Markossiana, Shawky Dagher Aniseed oil increases glucose absorption and
reduces urine output in the rat”, ELSEVIER,Science Direct,Life sciences, Volume
74, Issue 5, 19 December 2003, Pages 663–673.
14.
M C Powanda,K D Rainsford
, A toxicological study of celery seed extract for its anti-inflammatory
activity, Inflammapharmacology, Springer Basel AG 2010,Cross reference Kapoor
1990; Blumenthal et al. 1998; Craig1999; Mdidea 2006.
15.
Review on Pharmacgnostical & Pharmacological Charecterization of
Apium Graveolens Linn, Syed Sufiyan Fazal,, Rajeev K Singh, Indo Global Journal
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2012, 2(1), 36-42, ISSN: 2249-1023.
16.
Effects of Thyme Extract on the Ruminal Methane Production, Kamal
Mirzadeh Ahari, Ramin Salamatdoustnobar, Naser Maheri- Sis, Abolfazl Gorbani,
Ali Halimi Shabestari, Ali Noshadi, Hossien Samadi & Jafar Salimi Nezhad,
Department of Animal Science, Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad University,Iran,
Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 10 (12): 1146- 1148, 2011, ISSN: 1680- 5194
17.
Some of Thyme properties in Ruminants nutrition, Afshar Mirzaei- Agsha
ghali, Syed Alireza Syadati & Hasan Fathi,Annals of Biological Research,
2012, 3: 1191-1195, ISSN0976-1233 Available online at www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com.
18.
Report from IFFGD Research Award Winner: Understanding Intestinal Gas
19.
Gökalp
İşcan , Neşe Ki̇ri̇mer , Mi̇ne Kürkcüoǧlu , K. ,
and Fati̇h Demi̇rci̇ * Antimicrobial Screening of Mentha
piperita Essential Oils. J. Agric. Food
Chem., 2002, 50 (14), pp 3943–3946 , Publication Date
(Web): May 30, 2002 (Article) DOI: 10.1021/jf011476k
20.
Yamakoshi J,Tokutake S,Kikuchi M,et al: Effect of
proanthocyanidin-rich extract from grape seeds on Human fecal flora and fecal
odor.Microbial Ecology HealthDis 13:25-31,2001
21.
Subramaniya B. R.,
Malliga R. M.,. Malathi G.K.,. Anbarasu K and. Devaraj S.N., (2009) “Effect of
Aqueous Extract of Aegle marmelos Fruit on Adherence and β-Lactam Resistance of
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli by Down Regulating Outer Membrane Protein C”,
American Journal of Infectious Diseases 5 (2), Page No.161-169.
22.
Dhankar S,Aegle Marmelos Linn, A Source of phyto medicine, JMPR, 2010,
5(9), 1497-1507.
23.
Robbers JE, Taylor VE, Herbs of choice-The theraupeutic use of
Phytomedicines , IJPS, 2002,3(2), 199-203
24.
Physiological & Pharmaceutical effects of Ginger (Zingiber
officinale Roscoe) as a valuable medicinal plant, Jalal Bayati Zadeh &
Nasroallah Moradi Kor, Faculty of Animal Science, Kerman Iran, Pelagia Research
Library, European Journal of Experimental Biology 2014, 4 (1): 87-90 ISSN :
2248-9215, CODEN(USA):EJEBAU
25.
Yamahara Johji, Mochizuki Michihiko, Huang Qi
Rong, Matsuda Hisashi, Fujimura Hajime) The anti-ulcer effect in rats
of ginger constituents Elsevier, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Volume 23,
Issues 2–3, July–August 1988, Pages 299–304
26.
Yamahara Johji1, Miki Keizo1, Chisaka Takeshi1, Sawada
Tokunosuke1, Fujimura Hajime1, Tomimatsu Toshiakia, Nakano
Kimikoa, Nohara Toshihirob) Cholagogic effect of ginger and its active
constituents, Elsevier, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Volume 13, Issue 2, May
1985, Pages 217–225
27.
Yamahara J1, Huang QR, Li YH, Xu L, Fujimura H.
Gastrointestinal motility enhancing effect of ginger and its active
constituents. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo)1990 Feb;38(2):430-1. (PMID:2337957),
28.
Relaxant effects of Asafoetida Extract & its constituent
Umbelliprenin on Guyinea – Pig Tracheal Smooth Muscle, Goltaj Byrami, Mohammed
Hossaien Boskabady, Zahara, China Journal of Integrative Medicine.
29.
J A Kareparamban*, PH Nikam, AP Jadhav, VJ Kadam Ferula foetida” Hing” A
Review. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences ,
Dept Quality Assurance, ISSN: 0975-8585, April – June 2012 RJPBCS Volume 3
Issue 2 Page No. 775 .
30.
Osama A Badary, Azza S
Awad, Mohey A Sherief, Farid MA Hamada , World Journal of Gastroenterology, In
vitro and in vivo effects of ferulic acid on gastrointestinal motility: Inhibition of cisplatin-induced
delay in gastric emptying in rats
5364 ISSN 1007-9327 CN 14-1219/ R World
J Gastroenterology September 7, 2006 Volume 12 Number 33 http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/12/5363.asp
31.
H.S. Puri, Rasayana: Rasayana: Ayurvedic
Herbs for Longevity and Rejuvenation (Google eBook) CRC
Press, 29-Aug-2003 - Health & Fitness, 146.
32.
O'Mahony R1, Al-Khtheeri H, Weerasekera D, Fernando
N, Vaira D, Holton J, Basset C , Bactericidal and anti-adhesive
properties of culinary and medicinal plants against Helicobacter pylori. World
J Gastroenterol.2005 Dec 21;11(47):7499-507. PMID: 16437723
33.
S. Calsamiglia, , M. Busquet, P.W. Cardozo, L.
Castillejos, A. Ferret Invited Review: Essential Oils as Modifiers of
Rumen Microbial Fermentation, Elsevier, Journal of Dairy science, Volume 90,
Issue 6, June 2007, Pages 2580–2595
34.
Cliodna A.M. McNulty1,†, Melanie P. Wilson2, Wouter
Havinga3, Belinda Johnston4,Elizabeth A. O'Gara5 and David J. Masin5,
A Pilot Study to Determine the Effectiveness of Garlic Oil Capsules in the
Treatment of Dyspeptic Patients with Helicobacter pylori,
HelicobacterVolume 6, Issue 3, pages 249–253, September 2001
35.
Peter Holzer TRP channels in the digestive system, Curr Pharm
Biotechnol. Author manuscript; available in PMC Aug 23, 2011.Published in final
edited form as: Curr Pharm Biotechnol. Jan 1, 2011; 12(1): 24–34
36.
Unique Case with Seizures after Prolonged Use of Camphor Crème in
Elderly Patient, Bekjarovski Niko & Radulovikj-Bekjarovska Snezhana,
University, Journal of clinical Toxicology, Macedonia, Clinical Toxicology Open
access Case Report Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2161-0495.1000126.
37.
Maitreyi Zaveri, Amit
Khandhar, Samir Patel, Archita Patel, Chemistry And Pharmacology Of Piper
Longum L, Review article, Volume 5, Issue 1, November – December 2010;
Article-010 ISSN 0976 – 044X
38.
Chauhan Khushbu ,Roshni Solanki,Anar patel,Macwon Carol,Patel Mayuri, ISSN2229-3566 , Phtyochemical and Theraupeutic
potential of Piper Longum Linn A Review
Accepted on 8.02.2011, Available online www.ijrap.net, Last cited on
23.06.2014
39.
al Zuhair H, el Sayeh B, Ameen HA, et al. Pharmacological studies of
cardamom oil in animals. Pharmacol Res 1996;34(1-2):79-82.
40.
Jigna
Parekh, and Sumitra Chanda* In-vitro Antimicrobial Activities of Extracts of
Launaea procumbens Roxb. (Labiateae), Vitis vinifera L. (Vitaceae) and Cyperus
rotundus L. (Cyperaceae) , African Journal of Biomedical Research, Vol. 9
(2006); 89 -93 ISSN 1119 – 5096 © Ibadan Biomedical Communications Group.
41.
Geddes & Grosset
Aromatherapy & Complimentary Therapies, Childrens Leisure productsLtd,Scotlkand,
Second Edn, 2001, 27-37
42.
Hojat Taheri Aziz Abadi,, Nad Ali Babaeian, Jelodar Salman Sharifi Mehr , Essential oil
composition of lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora) , leaves cultivated in
Mazandaran, Iran , Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES)
ISSN: 2220-6663 (Print) 2222-3045 (Online) Vol. 4, No. 1, p. 135-140, 2014 http://www.innspub.net
43.
MacDonald D1, VanCrey
K, Harrison P, Rangachari PK, Rosenfeld J, Warren
C, Sorger G, Ascaridole-less infusions of Chenopodium ambrosioides contain
a nematocide(s) that is(are) not toxic to mammalian smooth muscle , J
Ethnopharmacol. 2004 Jun;92(2-3):215-21.
44.
Szelenyi,
I., Isaac, O., and Thiemer, K. [Pharmacological experiments with compounds of
chamomile. III. Experimental studies of the ulcerprotective effect of chamomile
(author's transl)]. Planta Med 1979;35(3):218-227. 432299 - See more at: http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/life-science/nutrition-research/learning-center/plant-profiler/chamaemelum-nobile.html#sthash.WMdhI72N.dpuf
