Aug 31, 2011
Jul 16, 2011
Apr 5, 2011
Gazette Notification issued under the Drugs & Cosmetics Rule 1945
1. 755(E) Date :- 23.10.2008 Considering the growing demand for ASU drugs and to increase palatability longevity & stability of ASU drugs, the matter regarding allowing excipients, preservatives,antioxidants, flavoring agents, chelating agents in ASU drugswas taken up and discussed in various forums. On the
recommendation of Ayurvedic, Siddha and Unani DrugTechnical Advisory Board (ASUDTAB), the amendment toRule 169 for permitting excipients, preservatives,antioxidants, flavoring agents, chelating agents etc inAyurvedic, Siddha and Unani medicines was carried out.The Final Notification has been issued in this regard on 23rdOctober, 2008.
2. 893(E) 24.12.2008 Growing popularity and acceptability of ASU drugs globallyand adherence to various regulatory provisions has led to theneed for categorization of Ayurvedic, Siddha and Unani drugs
and other traditional medicines in India and their Pre- Clinical safety guidelines etc. Since there were no existing guidelines on the subject, a technical Committee was constituted with members of ICMR and Research Councils. As per suggestions of the Committee and ASUDTAB recommendations,Rule 170 has been amended regarding issuance of guidelines for evaluation of Ayurvedic, Siddha & Unani Drugs and
other traditional medicines of India.The purpose of issue of these guidelines is to develop methodologies for record and valuation, improve quality,valuable research for providing appropriate evaluation
methods to facilitate the development of regulation and registration.
Draft Notification has been issued on 24th December, 2008. Contd. 2
3. 157(E) 04.03.2009 To establish the authenticity of raw drugs, minerals and metals in processing of validation and quality control parameters, it is ensured that these formulations are processed and prepared in
accordance with clinical tests and for which safety measures are complied with in accordance with GMP guidelines for manufacturing of “Rasaushadhies or Rasamarunthukal and Kushtajat (Herbo - mineral - metallic compounds)” used in Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani medicines.The Final Notification has been issued on 4th March, 2009.
4. 764(E) 15.10.2009 The potency of ASU preparations is lost/reduced after a certain period of time. Hence to make full use of thesepreparations and as per textual reference, ASUDTAB has recommended Shelf life /Expiry date for ASU drugs. Shelf life / Expiry date under rule 161(B) has been amended in respect of Ayurveda, Siddha & Unani medicines.The Final Notification has been issued on 15th October, 2009.
5. 765(E) 16/10/2009 As per advice of the Subordinate legislation of Parliament,Corrigendum of notification GSR No. 512(E) dated 9th July, 2008 have been published on manufacturing records of raw materials used by licensed manufacturing units of ASU drugs.
6. 16(E) 07.01.2010 The books entitled “Rastantra Sar Va Siddha Prayog Samgraha Part II (Edition 2006), Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India and its part, Siddha Pharmacopoeia of India and itspart” have been amended in Schedule I of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940. The Final Notification has been issued on 7th January, 2010.
7. 17( E) 07.01.2010 In response to demand of ASU drugs manufacturers forincreasing validity period of GMP license and harmonizationin date of issuance of GMP and Schedule ‘T’ license, and in
accordance with ASUDTAB recommendations, Amendment inRule 155(B), 156,156(A), 157 & Form 13A and Form 26E-I have been carried out. The validity of GMP Certificate has been extended to five years
from 3 years. GMP certificate in Form 26E-(I) and grant or renewal of license in Form 25-D are proposed for simultaneous issuance. Draft Notification has been issued on 7th January, 2010
8. 322 (E) 13.04.2010 Schedule E of Drugs & Cosmetics Rule 1945 contains list of poisonous substances under the Ayurvedic (including Siddha) and Unani Systems of medicine. In the list, only some parts of the plants are found poisonous whereas rest of the plant is not poisonous and some of the names were found incorrect. The matter was examined in detail and finally as per recommendations of ASUDTAB, Schedule E (I) has been revised and necessary amendments in the list of plants and names etc for Ayurveda, Unani & Siddha poisonous drugs have been carried out. Draft Notification has been issued on 13th April, 2010.
9. 337 (E) 15.04.2010 The books entitled “Rastantra Sar Va Siddha Prayog Samgraha Part II (Edition 2006), Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India and its part, Siddha Pharmacopoeia of India and its
part” have been amended in Schedule I of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940.
The Final Notification issued on 15th April, 2010.
10. 338(E) 15.04.2010 As per advice of the Subordinate legislation of Parliament, Corrigendum under Rule 157 (E) dated 9th March, 2009 have been issued on GMP guidelines for manufacturing of
Rasaushadhies or Rasamarunthukal and Kushtajat ( Herbo - mineral - metallic compounds)” used in Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani medicines.
11. 376( E) 03.05.2010 Rules 155(B), 156, 156(A), 157, Form 13 A and Form 26E-I regarding validity of GMP Certificate for five years and simultaneous issuance of Form 25-D and Form 26E-I have been amended. The Final Notification issued on 3rd May, 2010.
12. 377(E) 03.05.2010 At present various kind of ASU products licensed in the country are being sold claiming to be safe. These ASU plant based medicines/products which are being used as Neuraceutical, food supplement (Balya/Poshak) without causing any systemic and topical adverse effects. In the classical ASU texts references can be traced. The Drugs & Cosmetics Act does not define these ASU products which fall
under category Neutraceutical, food supplement and cosmetics etc. These ASU plants based Medicines/Product are also marketed in different doses from like extracts etc. There is urgent need to regulate Standards and Quality etc. There is no regulation existing regarding said ASU products under above
said category. The matter was debated in different various committees. As per recommendation of Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani Drug Technical Board, the Amendment to Rule 158(B) regarding guidelines for issue of license in respect of Ayurveda, Siddha or Unani drugs have been carried out.
Draft Notification has been issued on 3rd May, 2010.
13 19.08.2010 Schedule E I of Rule 161 of Drugs & Cosmetics Rule, 1945 describe poisonous substances used in Ayurvedic (including Siddha) and Unani System of Medicine. Comments were invited on draft notification issued on 13th April, 2010. The comments received on the draft were examined in the Department of AYUSH and in cooperated accordingly.
The final Notification is under issue.
Feb 15, 2011
BAHIRPARIMARJANA IN INDIAN FESTIVALS
India, the land of diversified traditions and practices has various methods of celebrating festivals. Festivals are the essential part of everyday life. Almost all the Indian fests have been not only the occasion for being harmonious and keep united socially, understand the essentials of mythology and spiritual lightning. Par from these it has rational view of maintaining ones health throughout the year.
Manu dharma Shastra says:
A¥ÉåprÉÉã aÉëÎljÉlÉÈ ´Éã¹È aÉëÎljÉprÉÉã kÉÉËUhÉã uÉUÈ A¥ÉåprÉÉã aÉëÎljÉlÉÈ ´Éã¹È aÉëÎljÉprÉÉã kÉÉËUhÉã uÉUÈ || A¥ÉåprÉÉã aÉëÎljÉlÉÈ ´Éã¹È aÉëÎljÉprÉÉã kÉÉËUhÉã uÉUÈ | A¥ÉåprÉÉã aÉëÎljÉlÉÈ ´Éã¹È aÉëÎljÉprÉÉã kÉÉËUhÉã uÉUÈ |
kÉÉËUprÉÉã ¥lÉÉÌlÉlÉÈ ´Éã¹É ¥ÉÉÌlÉprÉÉã urÉuÉxÉÉÌrÉlÉÈ || (12\102) kÉÉËUprÉÉã ¥lÉÉÌlÉlÉÈ ´Éã¹É ¥ÉÉÌlÉprÉÉã urÉuÉxÉÉÌrÉlÉÈ || (12\102) kÉÉËUprÉÉã ¥lÉÉÌlÉlÉÈ ´Éã¹É ¥ÉÉÌlÉprÉÉã urÉuÉxÉÉÌrÉlÉÈ || (12\102) kÉÉËUprÉÉã ¥lÉÉÌlÉlÉÈ ´Éã¹É ¥ÉÉÌlÉprÉÉã urÉuÉxÉÉÌrÉlÉÈ || (12\102)
One who reads treatises are better than the one who knows about dharma. One who masters meaning of treatises is better than the one who only reads. One who is Jnani or scholar is better than the one who masters it but apart from these entire one who practices it is the best. Therefore understanding the objectives behind every practice is now needed. Here are some of festivals which have been systematically placed for everyone to practice and celebrate for the achievement of complete health.
UGADI -This is the New Year for all Hindus. It occurs during Vasantha rutu, kapha prakopa kala. Abhyanga with taila is said to be done compulsory as snehana karma followed by taking bath with the water put in with neem leaves and intake of neem leaves and jaggery which are kapha chedakas.
DEEPAWALI -The trayosdashi day is meant to keep the water ready for the next day i.e narakachaturdashi .on this day the abhyanga karma before sunrise is been in practice. In some southern regions even sugandha dravyas are used for lepana and then followed by snana.This festival is during the sharath –hemantha sandhi and so prepares our body to get ready for next upcoming winter season wherein kapha chaya may take place.
RATHASAPTHAMI- This is also one of the festivals during vasantha rutu wherin the practice of keeping the leaves of Arka (Calotropis gigantea) on shoulders and performing snana karma is in practice. The kapha shamana is again foreseen here.
DASARA -A 9 day festival and devi pooja as a ritual.in some southern parts of India the leaves of shami is used to in water to take bath. This fest is in sharath rutu and has a concept of pitta shamana during sharath ruthu.
SANKRANTHI -This festival during the month of January is in hemanth-shishira sandhi kala where the winter is along with scorching sun (beginning of uttarayana kala) adding up to more dryness .The custom of tila taila abhyanga and also intake of tila and jaggery makes the body acquire snehana and maintain the state of doshas.
NAGARAPANCHAMI - In certain parts of Karnataka during this festival which is around the month of august i.e varsha rutu the custom of milk poured for rituals on the god (naga) is also poured on the back and drops of it is put into the eyes. Here godugdha which is a peeyusha as sheetha veerya balances the vata prakopa due to varsha rutu especially in the region of akshi.
TULASI POOJA - After deepawali on the next day of tulasi pooja the amalaki (emblica officinalis )which is used for pooja is then crushed and used for bath in some parts of northern Karnataka. This is again for tridosha shamana and to give alpa snehana to the skin which is rough and dry.
HOLI -The festival of colours where the natural colours made of flowers of tesu and palasha. Ancient India was fully aware of the benefits of the fragrant natural colours for our skin and health and also there therapeutic value. The ingredients of Gulal were purposely chosen for their emollient qualities. In Vrindavan, Holi is still played with actual flower petals chosen for their fragrance and colour such as rajnigandha and rose Red Sandal Wood Powder / Raktachandan / Lalchandan (Pterocarpus santalinus) has a beautiful red colour, is extremely beneficial for the skin and is used in face packs, etc. This can be used instead of Red Gulal Dry red hibiscus flowers in shade and powder to make a lovely red colour. To increase the bulk add any flour to it Sinduria, called Annato in English has a water chestnut shaped fruit which contains lovely brick colour red seeds. These yield both dry and wet colours. Crush the berries (fruits) of the Indigo plant and add to water for desired colour strength. In some Indigo species the leaves when boiled in water yield a rich blue.Red hibiscus flowers soaked in water overnight give a red which also has medicinal value. The Palita Madar / Pangri / Indian Coral tree/ (Erythrina indica), found commonly in coastal regions, has large red flowers. Soak the flowers in water overnight. Boil wood of Madder Tree in water for a deep red.this festival celebrated during start of vasantha rutu gives more glow .
On the day of homas or yajnas the gomootra or pancagavya sprinkled over the body and the place around is also a sort of bahirparimarjana karma.
Thus here is a view of concept in our festivals only regarding bahirparimarjana karma as a ritual to be performed according to customs, regions and seasons. Therefore no practices or traditions given by ancestors are untrue until and unless it is given a superstition picture.
Jan 3, 2011
PHARMACODYNAMICS AND PHARMACOKINETICS IN AYURVEDA
• Pharmacodynamics—what drug does to the body??
• Pharmacokinetics----what body does to drug??
That means…
• Physiological & biochemical effects of drugs & their mechanism of action at macromolecular/a sub cellular/organ system level is PD.
• Movements of the drug in & alteration of drug by the body includes ADME, binding/localisation/storage, biotransformation & excretion of the drug is PK.
DRAVYA (DRUGS)
 |
PADARTHAVIJNANA DRAVYAVIJNANA
(Physical properties) (Pharmacological)
 |  | ||
NAMARUPA KALPANA YOGA
(Pharmacognosy) (Pharmacy) (Clinical pharmacology)
 |
GUNA KARMA vij PRAYOGA vij
(Pharmacodynamics) (Therapeutics)
 |
GUNA KARMA
(Study of props) (Study of effects)
The pharmacological , toxicological & clinical efficacy of a drug are attributed to 5 qualities of a drug broadly classified as rasa ,guna,veerya,vipaka & prabhava.the pharmacodynamic & kinetic actions of ayurvedic drugs (single & compound ) are difficult to explain in terms of modern pharmacology. It is not the single chemical entity as in case allopathic drugs, acts as a receptor & elicits a response. Moreover the drug therapy is not generalized as ijn the case of allopathic drugs. The drug selectivity is according to doshas and to see the panchabhouthik compatibility of the drug & individual. Classification of drugs into mrudu, madyama & teekshna is an eye-opener to modern therapeutics on the rationale of selection of drugs for the treatment of various diseases.
Conceptualization
Ø Concept of Panchamahabhuthas.
Ø Concept of Dravya,Guna,Rasa,Veerya,Vipaka,Karma & Prabhava.
Ø Concept of Vriddhi,Saamya & Kshaya.
Ø Concept of Samanya,Vishesha,Samavaya.
Ø Concept of Karana & Karya dravyas.
Ø Concept of Dosha,Dhathu & Malas.
Ø Concept of Shat kriya kalas.
Ø Concept of Srothas.
Ø Concept of Pramanas.
Charakaacharya defines
rÉiÉç MÑüuÉïÎliÉ iÉiÉç MüqÉï | (action of the drug)
• rÉãlÉ MÑüuÉïÎliÉ iÉiÉç uÉÏrÉï | (potency of the drug)
• rÉ§É MÑüuÉïÎliÉ iÉiÉç AÍkÉMüUhÉqÉç | (site of action)
• rÉSÉ MÑüuÉïÎliÉ xÉ MüÉsÉ: | (time for bioavailability)
• rÉjÉÉ MÑüuÉïÎliÉ xÉ EmÉÉrÉ: | ( mode of action)
• rÉiÉç xÉÉkÉrÉÎliÉ iÉiÉç TüsÉqÉç | (therapeutic effect)
Concept of Panchamahabhoothas
q The PANCHAMAHABHOOTHA theory is important as Medicinal chemistry is for modern medicine.
q “BHOOTHA” is defined as the minutest matter which will prove its existence through certain charecteristic features or it is the factor which produces all the organic and inorganic materials. ( pÉÔ xɨÉrÉÉqÉç )
q Vaisheshikas explained on the basis of Paramanu & trisrenu.
q Sankhyas proved it on basis of Pancha tanmathras & mahabhuthas.
q PMB’s related to elements H,O,N,P,S,C.etc
q Panchatanmatras means the physical properties of matter while Panchabhuthas are indicators of chemical properties of atom along with physical properties. Therefore PTM’s have horizontal expansion in periodic table while PMB’s have linear/ vertical expansion like groups in periodic table.
q Sthavara and jangama act as good medicines.
Three kinds of activities
v Bhutatma –activity in the micro matter.
v Jeevatma– activity in organic matter.
v Paramatma—activity in the galaxy.(imperceivable.)
Ayurveda describes the dravya on the basis of bhootha predominance in it. The QSAR (quantity structure activity relationship) of a drug is quite similar to pharmacological action of dravya resulting from its panchabhouthik configuration.
Concept of Samanya,Vishesha,Samavaya.
- Similar properties enhance qualities. (ekavrutthi and ubhaya vrutthi)
- Opposite properties reduce or the most powerful will overcome the others.
- Factors involved are samyoga,samskara desha ,kaala.
- Dravya samanya,guna samanya,karma samanya.
- Athyantha samanya,madhya samanya,eka desha samanya.
- Dravya vishesha,guna vishesha,karma vishesha.
• pÉÔrÉxÉÉ urÉmÉSãvÉ lrÉÉrÉ | (with some exceptions)
Basics of Ayurveda
Pharmacology
The materia medica of the Ayurveda, composed of the five basic elements, has been categorized according to the derivatives o f these elements. They include: taste (rasa), potency (virya), taste of the digestion product (vipaka), properties (guna), specific properties (prabhava) and action (karman).
Taste (rasa) is six fold: sweet (madhura), sour (amla), salty (lavana), sharp (tikta), bitter (katu) and astringent (kasaya). Each taste is composed of two of the five elements. The condition of the food substances after digestion is also expressed in terms of taste (vipaka), however it can only be sweet, sour or sharp.
The properties (guna), are grouped in 10 pairs, each one complementary to the other: heavy and light, cold and hot, fat and dry, slow and sharp, stable and labile, soft and hard, clear and slimy, smooth and raw, fine and massive and viscous and liquid.
The potency (virya) of a drug is defined as its capability to express its property. Sometimes, potency is grouped in the same way as the property, but for practical reasons, it is usually expressed in terms of hot (ushna) and cold (shita).
The specific property (prabhava) distinguishes two drugs that have the same taste, taste after digestion and potency. This might be due to the composition of the drug or the location in the body where the drug acts.
Finally the action (karma) of a drug on the body is expressed in terms of the three doshas. A drug can increase or decrease the vata dosha, the pitta dosha and the kapha dosha.
The drugs used in Ayurveda are made by several processes from vegetable and mineral raw materials. Mostly plant alkaloids are the active ingredients.
Concept of DRAVYA
- Seat for rasa guna virya and vipaka.
- Medium of existence.
- Vyvasthitatwa (stability)
- Nityatwa (eternity)
- Swajaati avasthana (geno-specificity)
- Panchendriya grahyatva(perception)
- Ashrayatva (host for properties )
- Arambha samarthya(initition of action.)
- Sastra pramanya (classical references)
- Kramaapekshitatva(degree of maturity)
- Ekadesha sadyatva (utility of part used)
- Taratama yoganupalabdhi( avail for grading)
- Vikalpa samarthya (possibility of pharmaceutics)
- Pratighatha samarthya (malleability )
Dravyas when classified
• Antah chethana dravyas.
• Bahirantah chethana dravyas.
• Achethana rasa dravyas.
• Jangama Mridu
• Oudhbidha Madyama
• Parthiva Teekshna
• Dosha shamana (shamana)
• Dhathu pradhushana (kopana)
• Swasthavrittha. (swastha)
On basis of major bhutas dravyas are….
• Akashiya-mridu,laghu,sukshma,vyavayi,slakshna,visada,viviktha,avyaktha rasa.
• Vayavya-laghu,sheetha,ruksha,khara,visada,sukshma,kashaya rasa.
• Agneya-ushna,teekshna,sukshma,ruksha,khara,visada,katu rasa with slight amla & lavana.
• Apya-drava,snigdha,sheetha,manda,mridu,sheetha,sandra,guru,picchila,madhura and kashyamla rasa.
• Parthiva-Guru,khara,katina,manda,sthira,visada,sandra,sthula,madhura kasaya rasa.
Concept of Gunas
• MüÉUhÉqÉç aÉÑhÉ mÉÔuÉïMü: ,MüÉrÉï aÉÑhÉÉã SìÓvrÉiÉã |
o Denote the common properties of dhatus and dravyas.
o Gurvaadi gunas----41
o Paradi gunas (chikithsopayogi gunas) -------10
o Sushrutha adds vyavayi and vikasi gunas.
o Badantha nagarjuna adds sugandha ,durgandha,aasukari,suchi,vimala,visra,prasanna.
o Paradi gunas were also called vishishta samarthya sampanna gunas.
Paradi gunas
Paratwa
• Priority and superiority
• Pradhaanatwam
• Sannikrushtathwam
• Specificity
• Drug of choice.
Eg:Agryoushadhas
Aparatwa
• Posteriority
• Inferior quality
• Ahitha padarthas
• Apradhana
Viprakrushta
• To know about the harmful effect.
• Eg:ahitha dravyas.
• Samyoga
• Integration
• Combination
• Nitya or anitya
• Combn of dravya & guna is nitya.
• Combn of dravya &dravya is always anitya.
• SìurÉÉhÉÉÇxÉÇWûiÉÏpÉÉuÉ:
Vibhaga
• Disintegration
• Division of combination
• Vibhakthi
• Viyoga
• Bhagashograha
• Not only samyogaabhava.
• mÉëÉÎmiÉmÉÔÌuÉïMüÉ AmÉëÉÎmiÉ: |
Prithaktwa
• Separateness
• Severality
• Diffrentiation
• Asamyoga lakshana
Parimaana
• Measurement
• Maana
• Dairghya
• Gurutwa etc.
• Vailakshanya roopa
• Anekata roopa
Samskaara
• Changing the original quality.
• Enhancement
• Gunaantharaadhaana
• Vega
• Sthitisthapaka
• Bhaavana
Abhyasa
• Vriddhi & hrasa hetu.
• Practice
• Habituate.
• Samaana guna –vriddhi
• xÉiÉiÉ Ì¢ürÉÉvÉÏsÉlÉ|
• Paratwa Drug of choice
• Aparatwa Contra-indication
• Yukthi Careful assessment
• Sankhya How many times ?
• Samyoga Possible combination
• Vibhaga What should be avoided ?
• Pruthaktva :Selection of specific thing.
• Parimaana Dose.
• Samskaara Modification
• Abhyasa: Administration.
Pharmaco-activities of guna
• Effect can be assessed with the help of inference.
• Guna cannot perform any action of its own.
• Human body & drug constituents are all having similar composition of PMB’s.
• Vriddhii kshaya samya depend on these factors.
Role of physical properties (Vaisheshika gunas)
• Colour: responsible for variation in response in trials observed with placebos.
• Taste: local and systemic effect.
• Smell: useful in unconscious states.
Other gunas
Vyavayi guna
Vikaasi guna
Aashukaari
Sugandha
Durgandha. Concept of rasas
• 7 rasas -----shadrasas+kshara says Nimi.
• 8 rasas------7 above+avyaktha says Dhamargava.
• Rasas are different in different dravyas.
• Tara tama bhavas
• According to panchamahabhutha configuration.
• Vital forces of the body.
As mentioned earlier also every thing in this universe are composed of panch mahabhoot hence rasa are also no exception to it.
Rasa plays a very important role in body therapeutically and also in diagnosing a certain disease. It has a great significance in determining the vata, pitta and kapha’s involvement in the actual cause of a disease. As it has been know to you that any kind of vitiation of dosha causes disease in body. Hence excess of in take of certain rasa or deficiency of rasa causes imbalance in are tridosha.
Rasopalabdhi :
ü From the moment of exposure of a substance to organ of taste.
ü Tastes perceived through pramanas
ü Action of bodhaka shleshma.(first chemical change.
Limitations
o Purely subjective
o Abnormality or disease
o Insolubility
o ethical/psychological
o fatal
Transformation of rasas
- Sthana
- Samyoga
- Agni
- Aathapa
- Bhavana
- Desha
- Kaala
- Parinaama
- Upasargaja
- Vikriya.
Rasas are divided as
- Dosha prakopa
- Dosha shaamaka
- Vidaahi rasas
- Avidahi rasas
Also rasas are eka,dwi,tri,chathuh,pancha & shadrasa.
Characters of rasas
- Madhura rasa----tempting and attracts
- Amla----------------produces secretions
- Lavana-------------scrapes doshas.
- Katu-----------------spreads,secretions.
- Tiktha---------------helps in taste perception.
- Kashaya------------causes discomfort.
Pharmaco-actions of rasas
Madhura- aaswada,ahlada,aksha prasadaka,tarpana,jeevana,kaphakara.
Amla- kshaalana,harshana,mukasraava
Kantavidaaha,jihwadwejana.
Lavana- syandana,kapola gala daha,kapha praseka,vishyandana,mardava janana.
Katu- jihwagraudwejana,chimachimaayana,
akshinaasasrava,udwegajanana,shirograha.
Tiktha- vishada,mukhavaishadya,bhakthaaruchi,
kanta vishoda,rasanapratihanti.
Kashaya- jadatwa,kanta & srotho bandha,jihwa sthambhana,vakra shoshana,hridaya karshana.
Effects of rasas
Madhura
• Vata pittashamaka
• Dhatu ojovardhaka,
• Jeevaniya,
• Ayushya,
• Indriya prasadana,
• Kantya,
• Sandhaniya,
• Varnya etc
Amla
• Pitta kapha vardhaka
• Vatanulomana
• Deepana
• Pachana
• Koshta vidahi
• Vyavayi
• Hridya
Lavana
v Vata hara
v Pachana
v Kledana
v Deepana
v Chedana
v Bhedana
v Vikasi
v Samshodhana
v Dhathu shaithilyakara
Katu
v Kapha hara
v Mukha shodyakara
v Vrana ropana
v Kandu hara
v Srotho vivarana
v Krimi hara.
v Agni vardhaka
Tiktha
v Pitta kapha hara
v Vishahara
v Krimi hara
v Reduces Daha
v Lekhana
v Dhatu soshana
v Kushtaghna
Kashaya
v Pitta vata hara
v Samsamana
v Sangrahi
v Sandhana kara
v Lekhana
v Twachya
v Vishtambhi
v Ropana
iÉxqÉÉSè UxÉÉåmÉSåzÉålÉ lÉ xÉuÉïqÉç SìurÉqÉÉÌSzÉåiÉ|
Sè¹Ç iÉÑsrÉUxÉåÅmrÉåuÉÇ SìurÉå aÉÑhÉÉliÉUqÉç ||
Conclusion:One should not advise about the drug based on its rasa b’coz even when rasa of drugs is similar actions may differ.
Vipaka
When we eat or drink a substance it comes in the contact with jathar Agni (digestive fire). If the jatharagni is in its normal state it is able to digest (pachana) the substance eaten. During this digestion the food undergoes many bio transformational changes. In this process of paak (physiological condition of digestion) due to different degrees of digestion, the transformation of rasa takes place. This changing of rasa of the substance into a certain similar or dissimilar rasa is called vipaka. After completion of digestion, the substance or the food ingested would produce certain action by which we can know the process under which the substance has undergone. Hence vipaka is judged by anumana (inference made after observation). The effects of vipaka commences after the full digestion is completed. These vipaka are of there types.
Madhura vipaka
Aamla vipaka
Katu vipaka
• Visheshasya paka
• Endproduct of any dravya.
• Final transformation state
• Parinaama lakshana
• Yakrith is the site .(dr.dwarakanath)
• Respective bhuthagni helps in metabolism
• Karma nishta/karma parisamapthi
• Acts through distribution.
Assessing vipaka
• Known only after complete digestion
• End phase of biotransformation
• Cannot be perceived directly
• Absence of pratyaksha
• Cannot be assessed only on basis of rasa & virya.
• Rasa effects manas whereas vipaka effects body.
• Responsible for various other pharmacological actions.
Superiority
• Nimittatwa.
• Dhathupadehath.
• Vipakakshepatwa.
• Sastra pramanya.
Concept Of virya
• Unmetabolized active principle of a drug.
• Powerful/ potency.
• Characterized by drug action.
• Virya is shakthi.
• Sahaja & kritrima
• Karma nishtaya.
• Ushna virya(kinetic energy)
• Sheetha veerya(potential energy)
Concept of prabhava
• Peculiar action of dravya
• Non specific effects of a drug.
• Guna vishesha.
• Vichitra pratyarabdha.
• Achintya virya,daiva prathighatha.
• Vikruthi vishama samavetha.
• Avadharaniya
• Adbhutha karma
• Aagama.
Concept of Karma
• Final target achieved by drug.
• Uddesya or sadhya.
• Factors responsible for the association and dissociation.
• Karma is the cause and karya is effect.
• Dravya karma is due to dravya,karma,and in combination.
• Initial consequence of a drug-cell interaction.( action of the drug)
• Remaining are the effects.
Samprapti & mode of action
• Rasa and vipaka---koshta---chaya prakopa
• Guna--------------rasa samvahana—prasara
• Virya & prabhava—dushyas & srothas-----sthana samshraya.
• Oushadha dravya is concerned with bhuthagni paka.
• Dosha pratyanika or vyadhi pratyanika.
Drug absorption
• Amashaya is the place for kapha & snigdha sheetha & guru are absorbed.
• Grahani is the place for pitta & snigdha ushna &laghu are absorbed here.
• Pakwashaya is the site of vata & thus ruksha sheetha and laghu are absorbed here.
• Adhikarana is the site of action.
• Based on site of action /receptors different actions like twachya,pleehagna,varnya,medhya are seen.
Karma is classified as..
• Effect on srothas
• Effect on doshas
• Effect on dhathus
• Effect on malas
• Effect on upadhathus.
• Effect on ashayas.
• Effect on vyadhi / lakshana.
• Effect on agni.
Mode of drug action can beanalyzed by Pratyaksha,Anumaana,Aptopadesha+ yukthi
Some Of Pharmacological Actions.
• Deepana
• Pachana
• Samshodhana
• Samshamana
• Anulomana
• Bhedhana
• Rechana
• Chedana
• Grahi
• Sthambhana
• Madakari
• Pramaathi
• Vyavayi
• Vikasi
• Abhishyandi
• Asukaari
• Yogavahi
• Sukshma
• Pranahara
• Vidahi
• Jeevaniya etc.
Some Of Pharmaco-Properties.
• Avasadana
• Upaga
• Upachayakrit
• Uttejaka
• Tarpana
• Dushana
• Vivarana
• Nivarana
• kopana
• Pravarthana
• Prabhodhana
• Nigrahana
• Baddha
• Mardana krit
• Vardhana
• Soshana
• Prashamana
• Sangrahi etc
Summarizing.
Pharmacodynamics
• Structure related activity i.e panchabhouthik configuration is the base.
• The ingredients of a dravya are proved with individual activities.
Pharmacokinetics
• Rasa vipaka virya supersede one another in order.
• Vipaka is always a process and not the active ingredient.
• Synergistic actions & direct action differ.
Conclusion
• Rasa, guna & virya karmas can be considered under PD whereas vipaka under PK.
• There is a concept of rasena karma,vipakena karma,gunena karma,viryena karma,prabhavena karma.
• Ayurveda advocates the concept of pharmacotherapeutics and clinical pharmacology but not pharmacology & therapeutics separately.
“A good physician should be a good pharmacologist too”
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